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The links here are for the use of Non-members.

AUS-e-TUTE Members should log-in and use the links to tutorials games, tests, exams, drills, quizzes, worksheets, learning activities and stimulus resources in the Members Only area.

The tutorial links below are arranged under the headings:

• Introduction to Chemistry
  (includes stoichiometry, practical skills, etc)
• Organic (carbon) Chemistry
  (nomenclature, structure, reactions, properties)
• Biochemistry (Biological Chemistry)
  (structures, reactions)
• Inorganic (non-carbon) Chemistry
  (Periodic Table, transition metals, solid state)
• Physical Chemistry
  (includes atomic structure, bonding, equilibrium, solutions, acids/bases, gas laws, thermochemistry, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, kinetics, surface chemistry, etc)
• Analytical Chemistry
  (volumetric, chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis)
• Environmental Chemistry
  (various case studies)
• Industrial Chemistry
  (various case studies, includes polymers and nanotechnology)
• Medicinal Chemistry
  (various case studies of drugs and pharmaceuticals)
• Metallurgy
  (reactions, extraction and refinement of metals)

Free AUS-e-TUTE Chemistry Tutorials for Non-Members

• What is Chemistry?

Problem Solving Skills

• Problem Solving in Chemistry

Practical Skills

• Safety in the Laboratory
• Scientific Method

⚛ Variables

• Experimental Design
• Writing Laboratory Reports

⚛ Plotting Points on a Graph

⚛ Drawing the Line of Best Fit

⚛ Predictions from Graphs (extrapolation & interpolation)

• Accuracy and Precision
• Experimental Errors

Maths for Chemistry Students

• Significant Figures
• Scientific Notation (exponential notation)
• Temperature Unit Conversions
• Mass Unit Conversions
• Volume Unit Conversions
• Length Unit Conversions
• Energy Unit Conversions

Classification of Matter

• Pure Substances and Mixtures

⚛ Density Calculations

• Elements and Compounds

⚛ Allotropes

⚛ History of the Elements

• Metals and Non-Metals

Chemical Reactions

• Physical and Chemical Changes
• Types of Chemical Reactions

Chemical Formula

• Molecular Formula
• Empirical and Molecular Formula

⚛ Empirical Formula Experiment: Magnesium Oxide

• 2-Dimensional (full display) Structural Formula
• Condensed Structural Formula (semi-structural formula)
• Skeletal Structural Formula

Also see Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Also see Name and Formula (Introduction to Inorganic Compounds)

Also see Ligands and Complex Ions

Chemical Equations

• Word Equations for Chemical Reactions

⚛ acid + metal word equations

⚛ acid + carbonate word equations

⚛ acid + base word equations

• Balancing Chemical Equations
• Writing Precipitation Reaction Equations

Stoichiometry (Chemical Calculations)

• Relative Molecular Mass (Formula Weight)
• Calculating Percentage (Percent) Composition
• Definitions of a Mole

⚛ Mole-Number of Particle Calculations

⚛ Mass-Mole Calculations

⚛ Molar Gas Volume Calculations

• Molarity of Solutions (mol L^-1 or M)

(See solutions for dilutions and other types of concentration)

• Reaction Calculations: Mass and Moles

⚛ Limiting Reagents and Reactants in Excess

⚛ Yield

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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aliphatic Compounds (IUPAC Naming)

• Introduction to IUPAC Naming for Organic Compounds
• Introduction to Functional Groups
• Homologous Series
• Saturated and Unsaturated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbon Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Alkanes

⚛ Branched-Chain Alkanes

• Straight-Chain Alkenes
• Straight-Chain Alkynes

Aldehyde Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Alkanals

Ketone Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Alkanones

Alcohol Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Alkanols

⚛Branched-Chain Alkanols

⚛Straight-Chain Alkanediols

⚛Classification of Alkanols (alcohols)

Haloalkane (alkyl halide) Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

⚛Classification of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

Carboxylic acids Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Alkanoic Acids

Esters Nomenclature

• Simple Esters

Nitrile Nomenclature

• Alkanenitriles

Amine Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Primary Alkanamines

Amide Nomenclature

• Straight-Chain Primary Alkanamides

Molecules with different functional groups

• Naming Saturated Molecules with 2 Different Functional Groups

Isomers (aliphatic compounds)

• Types of Structural (Constitutional) Isomers

⚛ Structural Isomers of Alkanes

⚛ Structural Isomers of Alkenes

⚛ Structural Isomers of Haloalkanes

Stereoisomers

Cis-Trans (Geometric Isomers)

• cis-trans (Geometric) Isomers of Alkenes

Optical Isomers

• Chiral Centres and Chiral Molecules

Reactions (aliphatic compounds)

Classification of Organic Reactions (introduction)

(i) Substitution and Addition Reactions

• Halogenation of Hydrocarbons
• Hydrohalogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• Hydration of Alkenes to Alkanols (alcohols)
• Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)
• Alkanol and Hydrohalic Acids (HX)

(ii) Elimination Reactions

• Dehydration of Alkanols (alcohols)
• Synthesis, Isolation and Purification of Esters (Fischer Esterification)
• Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)

(iii) Oxidation Reactions

• Oxidation of Alkenes
• Oxidation of Alkanols (alcohols)
• Combustion of Hydrocarbons
• Combustion of Alcohols (alkanols)

(iv) Reduction Reactions

• Hydrogenation of Alkenes

(v) Polymerisation Reactions

• Polymers and Polymerization

Addition Polymerisation Reactions

⚛ Polyethene (polyethylene)

⚛ Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

⚛ Polystyrene

⚛ Polytetrafluoroethene

⚛ Polypropene (polypropylene)

Condensation Polymerisation Reactions

⚛ Polyesters

⚛ Polyamides (Nylons)

Organic Synthesis

• Reaction Schemes for Organic Chemistry

Properties and Uses (aliphatic compounds)

• Alkanes
• Alkenes

⚛ Case Study: Ethene (ethylene)

• Alkanols (alcohols)
• Alkanals and Alkanones (aldehydes and ketones)
• Alkanoic Acids (carboxylic acids)
• Amines
• Nitriles (alkanenitriles)

Aromatic Compounds

• Benzene Structure and Properties

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Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates (sugars)
• Fatty Acids

⚛ Omega Fatty Acids

• Lipids (fats and oils)
• Amino Acids
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Vitamins
• DNA

Biochemical Reactions

• Fermentation
• Reducing and Non-reducing Sugars
• Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates

⚛ Glycaemic Index (GI)

• Acid Hydrolysis of Triglycerides
• Acid Hydrolysis of Proteins

Applications

• Chemistry of Blood

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Periodic Table

• History of the Periodic Table
• Introduction to the Modern Periodic Table
• s,p,d,f Blocks of the Periodic Table
• Trends in Electron Configuration
• Trends in Ionization Energy
• Trends in Atomic Radius
• Trends in Electronegativity
• Trends in Properties of Oxides
• Trends in Group 1 (Group IA, alkali metals)
• Trends in Group 2 (Group IIA, alkaline-earth metals)
• Trends in Group 16 Hydrides
• Trends in Group 17 (VIIA, halogens)
• Trends in Period 2 (second period)
• Trends in Period 3 (third period)

Introduction to Naming Inorganic Compounds

• Inorganic Acid Names and Formulae
• Name and Formula of Cations
• Name and Formula of Anions
• Naming Inorganic Salts (binary inorganic ionic compounds)
• Writing Formula of Inorganic Salts (binary inorganic ionic compounds)
• Naming Inorganic Non-metallic Binary Covalent Compounds
• Molecular Formula of Inorganic Non-metallic Binary Covalent Compounds

Transition Metal Chemistry

• Transition Metal Properties
• Ligands and Complex Ions

Solid-State Chemistry

• Silicates: Structure and Formula
• Zeolites: Structure and Uses

Crystallography

• X-ray Diffraction and Electron Density Maps

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Nuclear Chemistry

Atomic Structure

• Brief History of Atomic Theory

⚛ Bohr Model of the Atom

⚛ Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

⚛ Quantum Numbers

• Number of Protons in an Atom
  (Atomic Number, Z)
• Mass Number (A)
  (number of nucleons)
• Number of Electrons in an Atom

Ground State Electronic Configuation
(Ground State Electron Configuration)

• Evidence for Electron Configuration
  from First Ionisation Energy
• Electron Configuration: Periods 1 to 3 Atoms (shells)

⚛ Electron Configuration of Periods 1 to 3 Ions (shells)

• Electron Configuration: Periods 1 to 3 Atoms (subshell)
• Electron Configuration: Period 4 (subshell)
• Orbital Diagrams
• Isoelectronic Species

Isotopes

• Isotopes
• Relative Atomic Mass (estimated)

⚛ Mass Spectroscopy (isotopes, atomic weight)

• Isotope Stability (introduction)

⚛ Mass Defect

⚛ Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Decay

• Nuclear Decay
• Half-Life Definitions and Calculations

Applications of Isotopes and Radiation

• Properties and Uses of Radiation and Radioisotopes

⚛ Uses of Carbon-14 for Dating

⚛ Uses of Radioisotopes in Smoke Detectors

Bonding

• Lewis Structures (electron dot diagrams)

⚛ Coordinate Covalent Bonds (dative bonds)

• Shapes of Molecules (VSEPR)
• Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• Molecule Polarity
• Intramolecular Forces

⚛ Metallic Bonding

⚛ Ionic Bonding

⚛ Covalent Bonding

• Intermolecular Forces
  (and effects on melting point and solubility)

Gas Laws

• Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Gas Volumes
• Avogadro's Principle
• Boyle's Law (Mariotte's Law)
• Charles' Law
• Combined Gas Equation
• Ideal Gas Law
• Kinetic Theory of Gases
• Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
• Graham's Laws of Effusion and Diffusion
• Henry's Laws (gas solubility)

Thermochemistry (Energy)

Theory

• Enthalpy Change (ΔH) for Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
• Energy Profiles (energy diagrams)
• Enthalpy Change (ΔH) Calculations
• Hess's Law (of Constant Heat Summation)
• Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation and Reaction
• Bond Energy (enthalpy) and Heat of Reaction
• Latent Heat (Latent Enthalpy)

Introduction to Calorimetry

• Heat Capacity Calculations (C_g & C_n)
• Molar Heat of Combustion of Liquid Fuels
  (Molar Enthalpy of Combustion of Liquid Fuels)
• Heat of Combustion of Food
  (Enthalpy of Combustion of Food)

Reaction Calorimetry (cup calorimeter)

• Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction Introduction

⚛ Heat of Solution
(Enthalpy of Solution)

⚛ Heat of Neutralisation
(Enthalpy of Neutralization)

Calorimetry (adiabatic, electrical)

• Bomb Calorimeter and Solution Calorimeter

Applications

• Fuel Definitions
• Comparing Fuels
• Biodiesel

Thermodynamics

• First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation)
• Second Law of Thermodynamics: Introduction to Entropy
• Third Law of Thermodynamics and Standard Absolute Entropy Change Calculations (ΔS°)
• Introduction to Spontaneous Reactions: enthalpy and entropy

⚛ Gibbs Free Energy (G): Definition and Spontaneity of Reactions

⚛ Gibbs Free Energy of Formation (ΔG_ƒ°) Calculations

⚛ Gibbs Free Energy Change Calculations (ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°)

⚛ Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity of Reactions

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of Reaction
• Kinetic Energy (Maxwell-Boltzman) Distribution
• Using Rate Law
• Determining Rate Law

Electrochemistry

Concepts

• Oxidation and Reduction Concepts
• Oxidation Numbers (States)
• Writing half-equations (for simple ions)
• Writing half-equations for aqueous solutions (acidic conditions)
• Writing half-equations for aqueous solutions (basic conditions)
• Redox Reaction Concepts
• Writing Redox Equations
• E^o: oxidation & reduction
• E^o calculations: redox reactions
• Spontaneous vs Non-spontaneous Redox Reactions
• Electrolyte Strength
• Quantity of Electricity (charge) Calculations
• Electrical Energy Calculations (E = Q × V)

Applications

• Displacement Reactions (activity series)
• Voltaic (Galvanic) Cells
• Galvanic Cell Diagrams
• Corrosion
• Batteries

⚛ Lead-Acid Batteries

⚛ Fuel Cells

Electrolytic Cells

• Electrolytic Cell Concepts
• Electrolysis of Molten Salts
• Electrolysis of Aqueous Salt Solutions
• Electroplating Concepts
• Faraday Laws of Electrolysis

also see Metallurgy and Industrial Chemistry sections below

Advanced Electrochemistry

• Nernst Equation

Equilibrium

Theory

• Equilibrium Concepts
• Le Chatelier's Principle
• Mass-Action Expression (Q)
• Law of Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Constants (K)

⚛ R.I.C.E. (I.C.E.) Tables and K Calculations

⚛ K and Extent of Reaction

⚛ K and Temperature

⚛ K and Reverse Reactions

⚛ K and Stoichiometry

• Ion Product for Water (K_w)
• Acid Dissociation Constants (K_a)
• Base Dissociation Constants (K_b)
• pK (pK_w, pK_a, pK_b)
• Solubility Products (K_sp)
• K_P and K_c
• Q vs K : predicting direction of reaction

Applications: Biological

• Chemistry of Blood

Applications: Industrial

• Uses and Production of Ammonia (Haber Process)
• Manufacture and Uses of Sulfuric Acid

Applications: Solubility

• Precipitation Reaction Equations
• Solubility Rules (qualitative)
• Solubility Table (table of solubilities g/100 mL)
• Solubility Curves (g/100 g)
• Solubility and Le Chatelier's Principle
• Solubility Products (K_sp)

Acids and Bases (application of equilibrium)

Acid and Base Concepts

• Properties of Acids and Bases
• Definitions and Properties of Acids and Bases

⚛ Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases (definitions)

⚛ Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases (definitions)

⚛ Brønsted-Lowry Proton Transfer Reactions

• pH Scale Concepts

⚛ pH Calculations for acids

⚛ [H⁺] Calculations for acids

• pOH Concepts

⚛ pOH Calculations for bases

⚛ [OH^-] Calculations for bases

• Strength of Acids

⚛ pH of Strong Acids

⚛ Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Strong Acids

⚛ Hydroxide Ion Concentration of Strong Acids

⚛ pOH of Strong Acids

⚛ Weak Acids (K_a)

• Strength of Bases

⚛ pOH of Strong Bases

⚛ Hydroxide Ion Concentration of Strong Bases

⚛ pH of Strong Bases

⚛ Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Strong Bases

⚛ Weak Bases (K_b)

• Polyprotic Weak Acid Concepts
• pH of a Polyprotic Strong Acid (Sulfuric Acid)
• pH of Strong Acids After Dilution
• pH of Weak Acids After Dilution
• pH of Strong Bases After Dilution
• Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases
• Hydrolysis of Acids and Bases (K_a × K_b = K_w)

Acid and Base Reactions

• Neutralisation Reactions
• Acidic, Basic, Neutral Aqueous Solutions

⚛pH of Aqueous Solutions After Mixing Strong Acid and Strong Base

⚛pH of Aqueous Solutions After Mixing Weak Acid and Strong Base

• pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions (introduction)

⚛Calculating pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions

Applications

• Buffer Concepts

see also Acid-Base Titrations, Volumetric Analysis, below

Concepts of Solutions

• Solutions Concepts

⚛ Water as a Solvent

Calculating Concentration of Solutions

• Molarity (mol L^-1 or M)

⚛ Dilution Calculations

⚛ Dilution Factor

• Mass Fraction and Mass Percent (w/w)
• Weight/Volume Percentage (w/v)
• Parts per Million (ppm)
• Mole Fraction and Mole Percent
• Molality
• Weight Ratio Percentage

Properties of Solutions

• Colligative Properties of Solutions Introduction

⚛ Raoult's Law

⚛ Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation

⚛ Osmotic Pressure

Surface Chemistry

• Surface Tension
• Wetting
• Capillary Action
• Soaps and Saponification
• Synthetic Detergents

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Gas Tests

• Gas Preparation and Tests

Gravimetric Analysis

• Gravimetric Analysis

⚛ Sulfate in Lawn Fertiliser

⚛ Chloride in Seawater

Volumetric Analysis (Titrations)

• Standard Solutions
• Titration Techniques

Acid-Base Indicators

• Introduction to Acid-Base Indicators: Colour and pH
• Indicator End Point
• Choosing Indicators for Acid-Base Titrations

Acid - Base Titrations (direct titrations)

• Acid Base Titration Calculations
• Acid Base Titration Curves (graphs)

⚛ Strong Monoprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

⚛ Strong Diprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

⚛ Weak Monoprotic Acid - Strong Base Titration Curve Calculations

• Acetic Acid Concentration in Vinegar by Direct Titration

Back Titrations (indirect titrations)

• Back Titration Calculations

Conductometric Titrations

• Acid-Base Conductometric Titrations
• Precipitation Conductometric Titrations

REDOX Titrations

• REDOX Titration Calculations

⚛ Ethanol REDOX Titrations (Wine or Beer Analysis)

⚛ Hypochlorite REDOX Titrations (Bleach Analysis)

Complexometric Titrations

• Total Hardness in Hard Water
• Calcium Ion Concentration in Hard Water

Precipitation Titrations

• Precipitation Titration
  (argentimetric titration)

Instrumental Techniques

• Chromatography Overview

⚛Paper Chromatography

⚛ Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

⚛ Gas Chromatography (GC or GLC)

⚛ High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

• Electrophoresis
• Spectroscopy Overview

⚛ Flame Tests

⚛ Emission (Atomic) Spectroscopy

⚛ Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

⚛ Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

⚛ Colorimetry

⚛ UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Determination of Structure

• Infrared Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectroscopy (isotopes)
• Mass Spectroscopy (structural identification)
• ¹H NMR Spectroscopy
• ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

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Atmosphere

• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Ozone Layer and Ozone Depletion
• Photochemical Smog
• Greenhouse Gases and Effect
• Acid Rain

Water

• Analysis of Water

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• Green Chemistry Principles

⚛ Atom Economy (Atom Utilisation)

• Uses and Production of Ammonia (Haber Process)
• Uses and Production of Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process)
• Uses and Production of Sodium Carbonate (Solvay Process)
• Uses and Production of Sodium Hydroxide (Electrolytic Processes)
• Petrochemical Industry:

  ⚛ case study: Production of Ethene (ethylene)

Polymers

• Polymers and Polymerization

Addition Polymerisation

⚛ Production of Polyethene (polyethylene)

⚛ Production of Polvinyl chloride (PVC)

⚛ Polystyrene

⚛ Polytetrafluoroethene

⚛ Polypropene (polypropylene)

Condensation Polymerisation

⚛ Polyesters

⚛ Production of Polyamides (nylons)

Nanotechnology

• Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology Introduction
• Graphene and Fullerenes

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